F-{X kp-µ-c-\pw B-tcm-Ky-hm-\pam-b ]-¦m-fn-bp-sï-¦nepw Nn-e kv-{Xo-IÄ th-en Nm-Sn-bn-cn-¡pw. F-´m-Wv C-Xn-\v ]n-ón-ep-Å a-\-im-kv-{X-saó-Xv A¯-cw th-en-Nm-«-¡mÀ X-só ]-d-bp-óp. ]-¦m-fn-bñm-¯- ]p-cp-j-òm-cp-am-bn InS-¸-d ]-¦n-Sp-I-sb-ó A-S-¡m-\m-hm¯ tam-l-am-Wv ]-e-scbpw A-Xn-te-¡v \-bn-¡p-ó-sX-óm-Wv dn-t¸mÀ«v. Nn-eÀ-¡v A-hÀ sN-¿p-ó-Xnð Ip-ä-t_m-[w tXm-óm-dpïv. a-äp-]-eÀ¡pw A-Xnð sXñpw \m-W-t¡tSm Ip-ä-t_m-[tam Cñ. CX-cp io-ew t]m-se sN-¿p-ó-hcpw G-sd-bm-sW-óv ]-¦m-fnI-sf ]-än-¡p-ó kv-{Xo-I-fp-am-bn kw-km-cn-¨v X-¿m-dm¡n-b dn-t¸mÀ-«nð ]-d-bpóp. hn-kv-]À F-ó sh_v-ssk-äm-Wv Iu-Xp-I-I-cam-b Cu dn-t¸mÀ-«v ]p-d-¯p-hn-«Xv. X-sâ t_m-bv-{^-ïn-t\m-Sv A-Km-[am-b {]-W-b-ap-sï-¦nepw Cu ]-än-¡ð A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡m³ ]-äp-ónsñ-óv H-cp bph-Xn ]-d-bpóp. Xm-\-Xn-\v A-Sn-a-s¸-«Xp-t]m-se tXm-óp-óp-sh-óm-Wv A-h-cp-sS hn-e-bn-cp¯ð

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s^-bv-kv-_p-¡v sa-k-ô-dnð D-d-kp-lr-¯v A-b-s¨m-cp hoUntbm ¢n-¸nð B-cm-Wv ¢n-¡v sN-¿m-Xn-cn-¡p-I? ssk-_À A-{I-an-IÄ ap-X-se-Sp-¡p-óXpw D-]-t`m-àm-hnsâ Cu kulr-Z a-t\m-`m-h-s¯-bm-Wv. {^-ïv en-Ìn-ep-Å kp-lr-¯p-¡-fp-sS t]-cnð hoUntbm en-¦p-I-fm-bpw C-tam-Pn-I-fmbpw Iw-]yq-«À sshd-kv ]-SÀ-¯p-I-bm-Wv A-h-cp-sS e-£yw. c-ïp-Zn-h-k-ambn Cu X-c-¯n-epÅ ssk-_À B-{Ia-Ww tem-I-sa-¼mSpw \-S-¡p-ópïv. C-Xn-s\ t\-cn-Sm³ G-ähpw \ñ {]-Xn-hn-[n B en-¦p-I-fn-te-¡v t]m-Im-Xn-cn¡p-I F-ó-XmWv. kp-lr-¯p-¡-fp-sS k-tµ-iw In-«n-bmð, H-óp-Inð B kp-lr-¯n-s\ hn-fn-¨v D-d-¸m-¡n-b-ti-jw am{Xw Xp-d¡p-I F-sñ-¦nð, k-tµ-iw Un-eo-äv sN-¿p-I. C¯-cw sshd-kv sa-tk--Pp-IÄ a-\-Ên-em-¡m\pw F-fp-¸-amWv. \n-§-fp-sS sa-k-ô-dn-te-¡v k-tµ-iw h-cp-t¼mÄ, BZyw \n-§-fp-sS t]cv, hoUn-tbm, \-Sp-¡-¯n-sâ C-tam-Pn ]n-só en-¦v F-ón-§-s\-bm-Wv D-ïm-hp-I. A¯-c-sam-cp k-tµ-iw In-«n-bmð kw-i-bn-t¡-ï-X-Xnñ. A-Xnð

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tem-Im-h-km-\-ap-ïm-Ip-sa-óv {]-Xo-£n-¨n-cn-¡p-ó-hÀ-¡v B-i-¦-s¸-Sm³ H-cp-Zn-h-kw-IqSn. sk-]v-äw-_À H-ón\v 2.7 ssað hym-k-ap-Å ]-Sp-Iq-ä-³ £p-{Z-{K-lw `q-an-¡v A-cn-In-eq-sS I-Sóp-t]m-Ipw. A-_-²-h-im-se-§m\pw C-Xv `q-an-bnð- ]-Xn-¨mð A-Xv hen-b Zp-c-´-¯n-\mIpw C-S-h-cp-¯p-I. F-ómð, A-Xn-\p-Å km-[y-X XoÀ-¯pw hn-c-f-am-sW-óv \m-k-bn-se im-kv-{X-ÚÀ ]-d-bpóp. ^v-tfm-d³-kv F-óv hn-fn-t¸-cp-Å £p-{Z-{K-lw `q-an-bnð-\n-óv 44 e-£w ssað A-I-e-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv I-Sóp-t]m-Ip-óXv. `q-anbpw N-N-{µ\pw X-½n-ep-Å A-I-e-¯n-sâ 18 a-S-§p-h-cp-an-Xv. `q-an-¡-cn-In-eq-sS I-Sóp-t]m-Ip-ó h-kv-Xp-¡-sf-¡p-dn-¨v \m-k ]T-\w Xp-S-§n-b-ti-jw C-{X-b-Sp-¯p-Iq-Sn I-Sóp-t]m-Ip-ó B-Zy £p-{Z-{K-l-am-Wn-Xv. 1890þ\p-ti-jw H-cp-h-kv-Xp-hpw C-{X-b-Sp-¯p-Iq-Sn I-Sóp-t]m-bn-«nñ. 2500 h-sc C-\n a-säm-cp £p-{Z-{K-lw C-{X-b-Sp-¯v F-¯p-I-bp-anñ. 1981þem-Wv ^v-tfm-d³-kn-s\ \m-k-bn-se im-kv-{X-ÚÀ BZyw I-sï-¯n-bXv. ap¼pw ]-e £p-{Z-{

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\yqUðln: C´y kzmX{´yZn\w sImïmSpt¼mÄ ]¦mfnbmbn KqKnfpw. C´y³ ]mÀesaânt\bpw AtimI N{It¯bpw Fñmw at\mlcambn Nn{XnIcn¡póXmWv KqKnfnsâ Cós¯ UqUnð. Ncn{X{]m[m\yapÅ hyànIfpsStbm, BtLmj§fpsStbm kvacWmÀ°w KqKnfnsâ {][m\Xmfnse temtKmbnð hcp¯pó XmXvImenI ]cnjv--IcW§fmWv KqKnÄ UqUnð Fó t]cnð Adnbs¸SpóXv. C´y³ kzmX{´y Zn\¯nð BtLmj¯n\v amäv Iq«m³ AXn at\mlcamb UqUnemWv KqKnÄ AhXcn¸n¡póXv. C´y³ tZiobXbpsS {]XoIsañmw kwtbmPn¸n¨mWv UqUnð X¿mdm¡nbncn¡póXv. apss_bnse k_o\m ImÀWnImWv CXn\v ]nónse hyàn. t]¸À I«v BÀ«v kvssäeneqsSbmWv C´y³ kzmX{´y Zn\ UqUnð k_o\ X¿mdm¡nbsXóv KqKnÄ hyàam¡n. tZiob ]XmIbpsS \nd§fpw tZiob ]XmIbpsS dn_Wpsañmw UqUnens\ hyXykvXbm¡póp. CXn\v thïnbpïm¡nb t]¸À I«v kvssäepIfpsS amXrIbpw KqKnÄ ]pd¯phn«n«pïv. IgnªhÀjhpw C¯c¯nð KqKnÄ BZchpamsb¯nbncpóp. C´ybpsS {]Ya {][m\a{´n PhlÀem&e

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C³-jp-d³-kv I-¼-\n-I-fnð-\nópw sS-en-t¡mw I-¼-\n-I-fn-I-fnð-\nópw aäpw i-ey-s¸-Sp-¯p-ó co-Xn-bnð amÀ-¡-än-Mv tIm-fp-IÄ h-cp-óp-tïm? F-¦nð, A-Xn-s\ sN-dp-¡m³ B-¸v sd-Un-bmbn. Sn-]nF-kv s{]m«-Îv F-ó B-¸m-Wv i-ey-s¸-Sp-¯pó tIm-fp-I-fnð-\n-óv \n§-sf c-£n-¡p-I. sS-en-t^m¬ {]n-^-d³-kv k-À-hokv (Sn-]n-Fkv) F-ó c-Pn-Ì-dn-te-¡v \n-§-fp-sS \-¼À tem-Kv sN-¿p-Ibpw B-¸v Uu¬-tem-Uv sN-bv-Xv D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xmð am{Xw aXn. amÀ-¡-än-Mv tIm-fp-Ifpw sk-bvð-kv tIm-fp-Ifpw A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-añm-¯ \-¼-cp-I-fm-Wv Sn-]nF-kv c-Pn-Ì-dn-ep-ÅXv. \n-§Ä-¡p-h-cp-ó A-\mh-iy tIm-fp-IÄ C-Xnð c-Pn-kv-äÀ sN-¿p-I-bp-am-hmw. H-óp-ap-Xð A-ôp-h-sc-bpÅ t]m-bâ-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv tIm-fp-I-fp-sS hn-izmky-X C-Xnð tc-s¸-Sp-t¯-ïXv. tIm-sf-Sp-¡tWm th-ïtbm F-ó-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv Cu amÀ-¡n-Sð. dn-t¸mÀ-«v sN-¿-s¸-Sp-Itbm t»m-¡v sN-¿p-Itbm sN-¿p-ó

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km[mcW Fñm aZy]À¡pw kw`hn¡pó Hc]ISapïv. AhcdnbmsX sNópNmSpIbmWv Cu A_²¯nte¡v. \n§sfmcp aZy]\msWóv Xncn¨dnbpt¼mtg¡pw \n§sf aZyw IogS¡nbn«pïmIpw. ap³Iq«n A]ISw a\Ênem¡n kpc£nXamb aZy]m\¯nte¡v IS¡pIbmWv aZys¯ PohnX¯nð\nóv Xosc AIän\nÀ¯m\mhm¯hÀ sNt¿ïXv. AXn\v BZyw Nne Imcy§Ä kzbw t_m[ys¸SpIbmWv thïXv. Atacn¡bnse tdmbð tImtfPv Hm^v ssk¡m{SnÌnsâ ]T\a\pkcn¨v Atacn¡bnse Zie£¡W¡n\mfpIÄ AhÀ¡mhpóXnepw A[nIw aZyw Ign¡póhcmWv. sltdmbn\pw Iômhpw Dïm¡póXns\¡mÄ Zqjyw aZyw kaql¯nepïm¡pópshóv KthjIÀ ]dbpóp. Bip]{XnIfnse¯pó kw`h§fnð H«pan¡hbnepw aZyw Hcp hnñ\mbn Hcp`mK¯pïmhpw. HcmÄ¡v F{X Ign¡msaóv Xncn¨dnbpIbmWv aZy]³ BZyw sNt¿ïXv. Hmtcm Xcw aZy¯nsebpw Bð¡tlmfnsâ Awiw hyXykvXambncn¡pw. AX\pkcn¨v Afhnð hyXymkw DïmhpIbpw sN¿pw. F._n.hn (Bð¡tlmÄ ss_ thmfnbw) Ftóm thmÄ (vol) Ftóm Ip¸nbnð C¡mcyw

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t^mWpIfnð A\pZn\satómWw ]pXnb ^o¨dpIÄ DÄs¸Sp¯s¸Spópïv. AXn\\pkcn¨v ]pXnb tamUepIfnepÅ t^mWpIÄ ]pd¯nd§pópapïv. Fómð kvamÀ«v--t^mWpIfnð _mädn sse^v Ffp¸w Xocpópshó {]iv--\¯n\v CXp hsc ^e{]Zambn ]cnlmcw ImWm³ km[n¨n«nñ. AXn\pÅ km[yamb Gähpw \sñmcp t]mwhgnbmWv doNmÀP_nÄ _mädnIÄ _m¡¸mbn D]tbmKn¡pIsb-óXv. AXn\mð e`yambXnð ht¨ähpw \ñ do NmÀP_nÄ _mädnbmWv CXn\mbn sXcsªSpt¡ï-Xv. AXn\mbn {i²nt¡ï GXm\pw Imcy§fmWnhnsS ]cmaÀin¡póXv. A¯cw Imcy§fnð thï{X {i² ]peÀ¯nbmð \n§fpsS samss_ð t^mWnsâ NmÀPv \ne\nð¡pónsñó {]iv--\¯n\v Hcp ]cn[n hsc ]cnlmcw ImWm\mhpw. \ñ doNmÀP_nÄ _mädn¡v sNehv h-cpw? do NmÀP_nÄ _mädn¡v \n§Ä {]Xo£n¡pó A{X sNehv hcnsñódnbpI. CXpambn _Ôs¸«v which.co.uk C¡nb, Batkm¬, tamdnk³kv Fónhbnð \nópÅ Aôv _mädnIsf ]co£n¨ncp-óp. ChbpsS \mev _mädnIfS§pó ]mbv&ie

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imkv{Xw \mÄ¡v \mÄ ]ptcmKXnbnð \nópw ]ptcmKXnbnte¡v IpXn¡pópsh¦nepw acW¯n\v tijw F´mWv kw`hn¡pósXóv hymJym\n¡m³ BÀ¡pw CXphsc ]qÀWambpw km[n¨n«nñ. acn¨hÀ¡v AXv shfns¸Sp¯m³ km[n¡nsñóXmWv CXn\v ImcWw. Fómð ¢n\n¡en acn¨hcpw ]nóoSv Pohn¯Xnte¡v Xncn¨v hóhcpamb NneÀ acWs¯ apJmapJw Iï X§fpsS A]qÀh A\p`hw shfns¸Sp¯ns¡mïv cwKs¯¯nbn«pïv. CXnð NneÀ hÀWn¡m\mhm¯ shfn¨¯neqsS \Sót¸mÄ aäv NneÀ XmïnbXv AKv\nIpÞ§fmbncp-óp. sdUnäv bqkÀamcmWv C¯c¯nð X§fpsS acWm\p`h§Ä shfns¸Sp¯n cwKs¯¯nbncn¡póXv. X§Ä¡v ap¼v acn¨ DähcpsSbpw ssZh¯nsâbpw kmón[yw X§Ä¡pïmbncpópshóv shfns¸Sp¯nbhcptasdbpïv. acW¯nte¡pÅ bm{X¡nsS kt´mjapÅ BfpIÄ Xn§n \ndª Hcp at\mlc Øew IïXns\ XpSÀóv X\n¡v acW¯nepÅ t]Sn XoÀ¯pw CñmXmsbómWv CXnð Hcp kv{

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Ipeo\amb ImdpIfpsS XdhmSmb tdmÄkv tdmbv--knð \nópw ]pXnsbmcp AhXmc¸ndhn hcpóp. tdmÄkv tdmbv--kv ^mâw Fódnbs¸Spó Cu kq¸ÀXmc¯nsâ hne aqóc e£w ]uïmWv. temI¯nse Gähpw sskeâmb ImdmWnsXó AhImihmZt¯msSbmWv I¼\n CXv ]pd¯nd¡póXv. Aôv sk¡³Uv sImïv 62 ssað kv]oUnð F¯m\mhpó ImdmWnXv. sXm«Sps¯¯nbmepw Hcp sNdnb iÐw t]mepw Bcpw tIÄ¡nsñómWv kqN\. C¯c¯nð BVw_c¯nsâbpw kpc£bpsSbpw Ahkm\ hm¡mbmWv tdmÄkv tdmbv--kv ^mâw F¯p-óXv. kmt¦XnIambn hfsc AUzm³kvUv Bb ImdmWnXv. 2040 BIpt¼mtg¡pw Kh¬saâv Fñm s]t{SmÄþUokð ImdpIfpw \ntcm[n¡ms\mcp§póXn\mð AXn\v A\ptbmPyambn \nesImÅpó `mhnbnse Fñm Ce{ÎnIv tdmÄkvþtdmbv--kv ImdpIÄ¡v hgnsbmcp¡pó hn[¯nemWnXnsâ Unssk³ FóXmWv Gähpw {it²bamb Imcyw. hfsc ^v--seIv--kn_nÄ Bb tNknkmWv ]pXnb ^mâ¯n\pÅ-Xv. `mhnbnð I¼\nbnð \nópw hcm³ t]mIpó sshhn[yamÀó tamUepIÄs¡ñmw D]tbmKn¡m³ km[n¡pó tNknkmWnXv.

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em]v tSm¸v Ft¸mgpw Ip¯n h¨v D]tbmKn¡póXmtWm AtXm apgph\mbpw NmÀPv sNbvXv D]tbmKn¨v _mädn tem BIpt¼mÄ hoïpw NmÀPv sNbvXv D]tbmKn¡póXtWm _mädnbpsS BbpÊn\v IqSpXð \ñXv? kmt¦XnI temI¯v hfsc NÀ¨bmbn«pÅXpw k½n{i{]XnIcW§fneqsS Bib¡pg¸¯nem¡póXpamb Hcp tNmZyw BWv CXv. tNmZy¯nsâ D¯c¯nte¡v IS¡póXn\p ap³]v Nne Imcy§Ä: Ct¸mÄ \½Ä D]tbmKn¡pó em]v--tSm¸pIfnseñmw en¯nbw Atbm¬ _mädnIÄ BWv D]tbmKn¡póXv. en¯nbw Atbm¬ _mädnIÄ CXc _mädnIsf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw NmÀPnwKnsâ Imcy¯nð A{X ISp¼nSp¯§tfm k¦oÀ®XItfm Cñm¯XmWv. \nÝnX thmÄt«Pv NmÀPv BIpóXp hsc \ðIpI, apgph³ NmÀPmbmð NmÀPdpambpÅ _Ôw hntÑZn¡pI. CXpam{XamWv efnXambn¸dªmð en¯nbw Atbm¬ _mädnIfpsS NmÀÖnwKn\mbn Bhiyw. HmhÀ NmÀPnMv sN¿cpXv Fó Hscmä \n_Ô\ am{Xta ChnsS FSp¯v ]dtbïXmbpÅq. AXmbXv 100 iXam\w NmÀPv Bbn¡gnª Hcp en¯nbw Atbm¬

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